The author of the article exposed a failure of the political regime‘reduction to a form of the power, to the political system. There are choosing the common essence criterion of the typology of political regimes, consisting of the realization or rejection of Age of Enlightenment‘social values: Liberty, Equality and Brotherhood. The author gives proof of the groundlessness of the definition of the Soviet regime as totalitarian and American one – as democratic, where as both of them were different forms of authoritarian regime – egalitarian and liberal

This article describes the analysis of the results of a research on reproductive scenarios in the Republic of Tatarstan. The problem is the contradiction between the existing reproductive strategy and the reproductive practices. Reproductive behavior is viewed through the prism of the social aspect.
The mass survey (N = 1200) demonstrates how modern reproductive models are implemented on a mass scale, what is the relation to new reproductive scenarios.

The article discusses the problem of introducing testing as the most popular and widespread method of monitoring students' knowledge within the framework of distance education, to which students and teachers of Russian universities were forced to transfer during the spread of the coronavirus infection COVID-19. From the point of view of the authors, the transition to distance learning has revealed many significant problems of the trend towards digitalization of the educational process. In the course of the research, it was found that knowledge control methods widely used in digital learning cannot be effectively applied in the learning and control process for some specialties. The authors highlight the features, problems and imperfections of the testing system faced by students and teachers. The authors argue that for such areas in the education system as medicine, biology, biochemistry, where the practical component of the acquired knowledge plays a huge role, the testing system cannot serve as an effective tool for testing the acquired knowledge.

One of the priority directions of urban development for its residents is to increase the attractiveness of life in the city through the formation of a comfortable urban environment. The article examines the content of the category "attractiveness of the territory" and its defining parameters. On the basis of the integral index, the index of attractiveness of cities with millions of inhabitants of modern Russia is calculated and a comparative analysis of the data obtained is carried out. Recommendations for increasing the attractiveness of the analyzed cities with millions of inhabitants are given.

In the second quarter of 2020, the population of Russian cities felt the first effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Changes occurred primarily in the way of life, which led to a significant transformation of the social moods of citizens. The article analyzes the social moods of Kazan residents and their assessments of new risks at the very beginning of the pandemic period and the beginning of lockdown. The authors, based on the analysis of the results of an empirical study (n = 600 people), made the first attempt to understand the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on various aspects of the lives of city residents, to assess the perception of citizens of the changes taking place and their expectations of the possible consequences of the introduction of anti-epidemic measures. The authors note an increase in the level of anxiety in the population, a decrease in the index of social moods, pessimism in assessing their financial situation in the fight against coronavirus infection and the introduction of restrictive measures by the authorities.

In the system of socio-cultural parameters that influence the state of interethnic relations, migration processes play an essential role. The way the local population treats labor migrants, how it builds relationships with them, largely depends on both the general level of ethno-confessional stability in the region and the degree of inclusion/exclusion of the migrants themselves into the host community. Youth is a social group that shows a willingness to discuss and analyze social problems, confidently and openly expressing their own point of view. Therefore, the attitude of young people towards migrants largely reflects the social situation as a whole. The article presents the materials of a mass representative survey of young people in the Republic of Tatarstan (n = 2828 people) on the problems of interethnic relations, including attitudes towards labor migrants

In this article, the authors investigated the main problems of persons with primary immunodeficiencies in the context of modern socialization and adaptation. The specified group of patients is rather closed, due to the fact that primary immunodeficiencies are orphan diseases about them practically nothing is known to the layman. Therefore, along with personal problems, patients with primary immunodeficiencies experience rejection by society, reluctance of representatives of various social institutions to be involved in solving their vital problems. Along with this, there is a lack of theoretical and applied research on this issue. Empirical research shows that most patients experience problems interacting with other children and educators in the education and upbringing system. And if in the first years of life the main problem of representatives of this group is to ensure a sterile climate in an educational institution, the absence of specialized children's institutions, the absence of medical specialists in the kindergarten, then starting from elementary school, such as the unpreparedness of staff to work with children with primary immunodeficiency, unwillingness to understand a student with primary immunodeficiency on the part of teachers and the lack of specialists who are able to provide medical care.

The article presents the results of a survey of students of the Republic of Tatarstan, conducted as part of the monitoring of the Russian Society of Sociologists "Russian students about the Great Patriotic War", which involves the analysis of the nature of the formation of the historical memory of modern students. The idea of a common past allows us to form cultural symbols that are significant from the point of view of self-identification. Turning to history, to the Great Patriotic War in the perception of modern youth, allows us to understand how young people assess the present and what their ideas about the future are.

The article is devoted to solving the problem of forming family historical memory of young people. The subject of the analysis is the state policy measures in the sphere of the formation of family historical memory of young people. The article, based on the generalization of the results of several sociological studies, shows the real methods and possible forms of state participation in the strengthening of the institution of the family, and particularly in preserving the family historical memory. As a result of the sociological research, the features of the family historical memory and important directions of the state policy in its formation among the young generation of Russian people were revealed. The author pays particular attention to the necessity to ensure the state prime conceptual measures to develop a common system-forming facility for preservation and reproduction of the family historical memory.

Social memory is a concept that is used to describe and analyze the phenomena associated with the actualization of images of the past in a variety of contexts. One of them is the formation and support of various kinds of identities. Images of the past are important for the socialization of young people. The way ideas about the past are formed, what is present in them, and what is "forgotten" is an indicator not so much of the work of the education system, but of complex socio-cultural processes at the micro and macro levels of social life. The sociological approach to the phenomenon of "memory" in the context of the socialization of young people is primarily connected with the constitutional understanding of the nature of social memory and identity.

Oncological morbidity is growing every year, including in the main group of the working population of the country, that is, among young people. The mortality rate from cancer stably takes the second place among the main causes of mortality in Russia. A high mortality rate is associated with the late appeal of citizens for medical care, that is, in the late stages of the disease. In this regard, the question arises of the activation of attitudes towards self-preserving behavior regarding the incidence of cancer. This article is aimed at revealing the basic practices of self-preserving behavior, as well as an analysis of their relationship with cancer prevention. The article demonstrates the results of a mass survey of youth in Kazan regarding the main practices of a healthy lifestyle and disease prevention.According to the study, the main risk groups among young people were identified regarding the level of carcinophobia, the main components of a healthy lifestyle, as well as preventive interaction with the institutional environment in the health sector.

The process of institutionalization of science has gone through several major transformations that have left their mark on the world space. Despite the intensifying process of globalization, there are local features of science that are characteristic of a particular territory. The article focuses on cities known for their monofunctional socio-economic development. The features of the formation of a social institution of science in a mono-industrial city, which repeat the contours and outlines of urban processes, are highlighted. In a mono-industrial city, two independent systems of science are being formed: corporate (factory) and university (academic). The current state of the scientific community and science in the city can be characterized as transitive, where there is a conscious projection of the future state of society by the subjects of the process. The work identifies the concepts of "black swan" and "antifragility" for the local scientific community

The article presents an analysis of the current state of public health of the population. The authors identify the main indicators of public health: indicators of medical and demographic processes (mechanical-migration, natural-mortality, birth rate, life expectancy, etc.); indicators of morbidity of the population; indicators of disability of the population; indicators of physical development. Each of these indicators is characterized on the basis of statistical data of the Russian Federation.
The authors conclude that the most important monitored demographic indicator is the natural population growth – the difference in the birth rate and mortality (excluding migration) of the population, and the main reason for the demographic disadvantage in Russia is the high mortality rate (according to the WHO classification – super – mortality) of the population. At the same time, it is noted that such indicators of public health as morbidity, disability and the level of mental development of the population of the Russian Federation are very poor, that is, they have a tendency to worsen, which is also confirmed by official statistics.
The authors note that the state of public health is the most objective indicator of the level of socio-economic development and civilization of the state. It is no accident that the state constantly monitors such categories of public health as mortality and birth rate of the population, morbidity and mortality from leading causes (cardiovascular, oncological diseases), life expectancy of Russians, that is, the main demographic indicators that are key in the implementation of the demographic policy of our country.

Deviant behavior is traditionally a violation of the rules created and functioning in this particular society. Deviation implies the refusal or inability of an individual or a whole group of people to follow the moral norms and rules of behavior that dominate society.
Students, as a social group, in their daily activities use deviant behavioral practices, both traditional and widespread in society and in the world as a whole, and new ones that arise under the influence of information technologies. So, under the influence of internetization, network deviations, such as destructive streaming, where violence, cruelty, sex, webcam business (webcam) are sold for money, when an observer and a web model communicate on a paid basis, trolling, bullying, etc., are becoming fashionable. The article analyzes the results of sociological research, official statistics, and uses the results of the author's research among students studying in Kazan (the sample was 1200 people and 4 focus groups were conducted) in order to obtain reliable information.
It is revealed that students as a social group are characterized by both general and traditional deviations that are characteristic of the entire society: alcoholism, drug addiction, suicide, illegal behavior; new ones that arise under the influence of internetization and cybersocialization. There is a normalization of the students ' attitude to these types of deviations under the influence of the norms of modern society.
Recommendations for minimizing deviant behavior in the student community are given.

The social and labor potential of youth is the future of every country. The article presents theoretical approaches and the results of understanding the research of scientists on the motivation for choosing a specialty by youth in the post-Soviet space. The authors, within the framework of the secondary analysis of the data of a comprehensive research of the preferred factors of motivation in choosing a specialty by Uzbek youth, studying the materials of the Ministry of Employment and Labor Relations of the Republic of Uzbekistan on its position in the labor market, state shortcomings in the activities of the republican education system and vocational guidance in motivating young people, choosing a profession, identifying abilities, interests, adaptation in the labor market. It is concluded that it is necessary to develop a comprehensive national strategy for the vocational guidance of youth, based on systematic empirical sociological studies of the motivation for choosing a specialty by young people, the hierarchy of influencing factors, and modern demands of the labor market.

This article examines the status and role characteristics of a university teacher (using the example of KFU teachers) in the context of digital higher education through self-identification of their social and professional education. Digitalization is a global trend that explores all areas of education. This process affects both sides of the educational process – both the faculty and students. In a given context, the role of the teacher is under close scrutiny – it is actively transforming with the introduction of information technology.As a result of the study, ideas about their own social and professional status and the role of teachers were identified, new ways of communication between students and teachers were investigated, the risks associated with the digitalization of the education system were studied and the main functions performed by teachers were identified, taking into account the introduction of ICT into the educational process.