Two versions of the system analysis are analyzed as a methodological tool for studying the transport system of a large city. Attention is paid to such sources of systemic thinking as T. Parsons' system-activity theory and N. Luhmann's theory of systems. The prospects of using N. Luhmann's theoretical approach to the analysis of the transport system as a set of all social communications, as an autopoietic system, are determined.

The article reveals the methodological application of sociolinguistic approach in the process of researching the relationship between lexical markers and social interactions in the digital environment. Social interaction in virtual space is investigated through the identification of mechanisms of social field construction through the symbolic nature of the text. As a method, a social network analysis is proposed, which relies on graph theory and visualisation of nodes and edges (‘nodes’) and links (‘links’) with certain types of relationships. The technology of building a corpus of key words and phrases is described, on the basis of which the structure is formed, clusters and the most significant lexical units reflecting the main discourses, themes and frames are singled out. The application of the network analysis method in the empirical field can reveal the mechanisms of interaction between different social groups.

The article examines the historical consciousness of the Cossack youth, which not only records the past, but also actively participates in the context of social changes, influencing real life. The emotional perception of historical events among representatives of the Cossacks is a complex process based on collective memory, traditions and historical experience, which are transmitted through folklore, cultural practices and intergenerational ties, which creates a unique and vivid picture of the Cossack identity. The application of an interdisciplinary approach in conjunction sociology with history and psychology is promising for ethnosocial research and allows sociologists to understand exactly how Cossacks define their group identity, how they perceive their past and how this affects their behavior in the present, which, in turn, can help in the study of identification of other ethnic or cultural groups.

The problem of social identification of an individual and the "We-concept" is one of the most popular in modern social and humanitarian knowledge. Particular attention of researchers is drawn to the issues of ethnic and civic identity of Russians, their significance and interaction in the "We-concept" of youth. This topic is of particular importance due to a number of factors, among which are the multicultural nature of the Russian nation, modern globalization and geopolitical processes. The article is based on the analysis of some results of the survey "Who Am I? Who Are We? in Youth", conducted in November 2023 - March 2024 using the online questionnaire method in six regions of the Russian Federation (Arkhangelsk, Volgograd and Tyumen regions, the republics of Bashkortostan, Buryatia and Udmurtia). The study shows that the state and civil identity of Russians can be considered as a hierarchically structured system in which ethnic, regional and local identities act as its levels. Ethnic identity continues to retain its significance, but is somewhat inferior to Russian identity. Moreover, as people grow older, the significance of social identity categories (ethnic, civil) generally begins to yield to self-identity categories.

In this article we consider the value significance of the megacity for professional and creative self-realisation of student youth. Our analysis is based on the results of a sociological study on the topic ‘Professional self-determination of student youth of Nizhny Novgorod’, conducted in September-October 2024 among students of leading universities of Nizhny Novgorod. In the course of the study we identified the value orientations of modern youth, outlined the prospects of their further professional self-realisation, analysed the students' views on the desired characteristics of the region of residence after education, as well as highlighted the advantages and disadvantages of Nizhny Novgorod. Our research has shown that for the majority of respondents Nizhny Novgorod is the city where they see opportunities for their creative and professional growth. It is indicative that the image of Nizhny Novgorod in the students' assessments looks very comfortable for living, and the educational programmes presented in the universities of the city attract young people from other regions. The study results in the conclusion that there is a correlation between the value criteria and the living conditions of a modern megacity. This correlation, on the one hand, is reflected in the status of ‘attractiveness’ or ‘unattractiveness’ of the megacity, on the other hand, should be used for smooth integration of young people into the paradigm of traditional spiritual and moral guidelines of the country.

The article considers the main approaches to the issues of the correlation of mental-psychic and material-physical within the framework of the problem of consciousness-brain. Attention is emphasized on the comprehension of mental phenomena from the point of view of materialistic ontology. The author, using the example of reductive theories of consciousness (identity theory, functionalism), reveals a number of difficulties that arise when trying to explain non-physical (mental) phenomena in the form of physical being. It is emphasized that the understanding of mental-psychic phenomena within the framework of non-reductive materialism (primary and secondary duality properties) preserves the uniqueness of the mental and does not contradict materialist ontology. The author's consideration of the consciousness-brain problem from the point of view of the information approach in the form of secondary duality properties seems to be the most promising direction for the construction of a theory of consciousness within the framework of materialist ontology.

The author in the article raises the issue of changing the confessional attitude towards the alleged ethnic religion of the Khazars and the dogma of the ethnic religion of the Karaites. The author pays special attention to the regularities of the emergence and development of the tendency to identify these creeds with Judaism, despite significant dogmatic differences and differences in rituals. Considering the use of historical sources by Jewish ideologists and scientists to substantiate the theory of belonging of Karaism and the Khazar religion to Judaism, the author analyzes the arguments from the point of view of both the principle of historicism and the comparative theological method, identifying both substantiated evidence and elements of falsification. Based on the research, the author concludes that the theory of the identity of the Khazar religion and Karaism with Judaism is political, not theological.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the phenomenon of leisure in the ancient Greek and Roman philosophical tradition. The need for this analysis comes from the current situation of leisure, which turns out to be included in the processes of capitalist production. The alienation of leisure by capital puts a person in a situation where a person does not have time that belongs to him. In the light of this problem, it is proposed to rethink the concept of "leisure" based on ancient Greek and Roman authors.  In the course of the study, it turns out that these two traditions are united by the interpretation of leisure as time devoted to intellectual and spiritual improvement, reflection leading to a virtuous lifestyle. At the end of the article, an attempt is made to shift this interpretation to modern social reality. The conclusion of the article is the hypothesis that leisure as a certain intellectual effort helps an individual to reorient his active life, filling it with real, meaningful and creative content.

The article examines the new implications of postmodernity for historical science. It considers how the postmodern approach to historical research, shaped by the historian's perspective and language, alters the nature of scientific reality. It also explores the relationship between truth and historical knowledge, and the ways in which historical works interact with literary works.

One of the serious problems of modern social theory in general and social philosophy in particular is the problem of developing a methodology adequate to historical realities. The problem is complicated by the fact that until recently, with all the external diversity, which can be called rhizomatic, the methodological palette was West-centric and, in this respect, monochromatic. However, the need to revise scientific and philosophical principles has revealed a very serious problem: two opposing tendencies have emerged in the academic community, which have an equally negative impact on the overall picture of theory development. The first is the launching of a mechanism for canceling any other knowledge procedure that does not fit into some ideological project. The second is the construction of an autonomous discourse, which, however, is also based on the principle of negativity, as it is built on the proclamation of a fundamental difference from the dominant procedure (discourse) of exercising power through the power of knowledge. The author argues that the experience accumulated by social philosophy in the historical cross-section of its existence needs to be revisited and incorporated into today's theoretical and methodological arsenal. The trajectories of possible inclusion are examined through a reading of Marx Fischer's works, which can become an assemblage point of images, meanings, ways of conceptualization, and ideas emerging in social philosophy today.